June 2022
Space activities and space debris - finding an ethical balance
...of the Space Age, heralded by Sputnik 1 reaching low Earth orbit (LEO) in 1957, more than 6,000 successful launches... exponential increase in space debris due to chain collisions in low Earth orbit back in 1978, recognising that if such a scenario were...
May 2024
Beyond Earth’s magnetic field
... but constitute a priority in the exploration of outer space by Russian scientists. Planning for space missions beyond low Earth orbit determines the need for further careful investigation of physiological effects of the reduced magnetic field on all...
October 2025
Europe’s unified vision for space governance and growth
... proposal is the European Resilience from Space (ERS) initiative, a modular system designed to integrate Earth observation (EO), low Earth orbit (LEO) telemetry and navigation, and secure communications (IRIS2). “No single member state can develop...
October 2025
Satellite technology - from operational challenges to strategic opportunities
...based test facilities make simulation an essential tool for satellite development. ESA’s LEO-PNT (low Earth orbit Positioning Navigation and Timing) in-orbit demonstrator mission features a constellation of 10 satellites plus two spares that will fly...
August 2016
Space stations - drivers of cooperation
Compared to routine operations in low Earth orbit, the allure of interplanetary exploration is almost ... of law-makers, what applies on land does not yet do so in Earth orbit and beyond. By far the largest number of disputes around the world are ...
November 2017
Radiation protection for space colonists and travellers
... now under development in different parts of the world for humans to move beyond Earth and low Earth orbit to explore and live in space, on the Moon, on Mars or in orbiting colonies. But leaving home is never easy, and space travellers moving out...
