April 2017
Surviving radiation for space colonisation
... wood and cause damage to living things. High speed protons are about 2000 times as heavy as electrons and are...at the same speeds. High speed helium, or alpha particles, have two protons and one or two neutrons. Helium-3 is not readily found on Earth ...
16 November 2020
Venus didn't lose water to space, new study says
... solar radiation affect how many ions escape. On average two protons (a proton is a hydrogen atom stripped of its electron) escape from ... one oxygen ion O+). Whats more, the number of escaping protons varies over the solar cycle. “In my thesis I have...
July 2014
In thrall to a star: understanding the Sun will help us understand our own climate and environment
... represents a solar flare. Middle panel shows high-energy proton fluxes at a range of particle energies, also from ... superimposed. The largest flares are associated with significantly enhanced proton fluxes (courtesy of www.lmsal.com) On the surface...
April 2020
Reviving Russia’s space programme
...‘space city’ in Moscow beside the Khrunichev plant where the Proton rocket has been made. Even at institute level, the biennial... Angara launcher; indeed, it is possible that the last Proton has already been built. The first Angara launch pad was...
23 March 2016
Could an encounter with a passing dark molecular cloud be responsible for killing off the dinosaurs?
... cloud on the surface of the Earth is estimated to be as high as 1 kg/m2 Myr−1 in the case of a cloud with a gas density of ~ 103 protons/cm3 and a relative velocity of 10 km/s and that the evidence of a dark nebula encounter can be found in deep sea...
29 January 2018
Astronomers discover a fossil of the Reionisation era
... massive stars split hydrogen atoms back into electrons and protons – have found a dwarf galaxy that could help...to cool and as it did, the hot soup of particles such as protons, neutrons and electrons that filled up the darkness, began to combine to ...
